D5.i Explain the cardiovascular changes and compensatory responses in the following contexts:
D5.i.a changes in posture – lying, sitting and standing,
D5.i.b hypovolaemia,
D5.i.c following a fluid bolus,
D5.i.d anaemia,
D5.i.e exercise,
D5.i.f aging,
D5.i.g pregnancy,
D5.i.h obesity,
D5.i.i critical Illness.
D5.ii Explain the physiological consequences of the following on the cardiovascular system:
D5.ii.a intermittent positive pressure ventilation,
D5.ii.b positive end-expiratory pressure,
D5.ii.c the Valsalva manoeuvre.